4 MIN READ

What Does This New Jersey Slang Mean?

While many figures (fictional and real-life) loom large in New Jersey lore, the accent and language of the Garden State are perhaps even more recognizable. Let’s celebrate the state with some slang terms unique to New Jersey.

by Mandy Brownholtz
New Jersey State on map

As the third state admitted to the Union, New Jersey has a long, rich history. Today it’s well known for its contributions to pop culture, including Tony Soprano, Snooki, and Jon Bon Jovi. While these figures (both fictional and real-life) loom large in New Jersey lore, the accent and language of the Garden State are perhaps even more recognizable. Allow us to celebrate this state with some special slang terms unique to New Jersey. Have at it, youse guys.

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Newark

If a Jersey native invokes Newark, they’re almost always referring to the airport, not the city.

Down the Shore

The “shore,” in this case, isn’t just any shore; it’s the Jersey Shore, which includes Sea Isle, Ocean City, Wildwood, and Cape May. The phrase “heading down the shore” is synonymous with “going to the beach” for New Jerseyans (as well as Delaware and Pennsylvania residents, who also frequent the shore). An important fixture of this phrase is the lack of a preposition. New Jerseyans don’t say “down to the shore” — it’s simply “down the shore.” This linguistic habit stems from Canadian English and is also widespread in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic states.

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MAC

Today, it’s perhaps reserved for use by older New Jerseyans, but you’ll still commonly hear “MAC” in place of “ATM” — as in, “I gotta hit the MAC.” Much like the trademarked “Band-Aid” became a catchall term for a self-adhesive bandage, MAC — the brand of many North Jersey, New York, and Philadelphia ATMs for a long time — became shorthand for a banking machine. Though it is less commonplace today, the name stuck.

Mutz

“Mutz” is shorthand for mozzarella cheese, which is practically a food group in certain areas of New Jersey. The state’s large Italian American population adopted their own slang for this quintessential ingredient to make ordering at the deli counter that much faster.

Pork Roll

Also called Taylor ham, this meat product is so popular that the New Jersey Pork Roll Festival is held each year in its honor. The meat in question is a mixture of pork, spices, salt, and sugar, which is then smoked and packaged by Taylor Provisions of Trenton, New Jersey. (Other brands produce pork roll meats, too, but Taylor ham is the beloved original.) The product dates back to at least the mid-1800s, when it was called Taylor’s Prepared Ham. Today, it’s commonly served up sliced and fried on egg-and-cheese sandwiches.

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The Boss

Tell us you’re not from Jersey without telling us you’re not from Jersey — if you don’t know that “The Boss” is Bruce Springsteen, that’s enough information. While this nickname has spread across the world with Springsteen’s rise from blue-collar boy to superstar rocker, Jerseyans claim the nickname (and Bruce himself) as their own.

The City

Parts of northeast New Jersey are just a stone’s throw away from New York City, and many New Jersey residents regularly commute to NYC for work or play. As such, they call New York City simply “the City,” as in, “I’m going into the City this weekend to catch a Broadway show.”

20 Regular Cash

Fun fact: It’s against the law to pump your own gas in New Jersey. There’s also a special lingo at New Jersey gas pumps. While the amount of gas you get for your $20 may vary, the shorthand “20 regular cash” has become commonplace to inform the gas-station attendant: “I would like $20 of regular gas pumped into my vehicle, and I’ll pay cash.”

Youse

Add this to the list of gender-neutral group greetings — “youse” is the Jersey translation of “y’all,” or more specifically, “all of you.”

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Jug Handle

“Jug handle” has nothing to do with a container of liquid; rather, it’s a Jersey traffic term for a left turn on a busy highway. While some states allow drivers to turn left at intersections, Jersey drivers must complete a multistep maneuver at certain intersections: They have to make a U-turn through a series of lights or stop signs to enter the opposite side of the highway. The path bears resemblance to the handle on a jug — hence the name.

Featured image credit: Credit: Tudoran Andrei/ Shutterstock
Mandy Brownholtz
Freelance Writer
Mandy Brownholtz is a writer and editor based in Baltimore, MD. She is the Managing Editor of "CREEM Magazine," and her work has appeared in the "New York Times," "Insider," and elsewhere. She has also written a novel entitled "Rotten."
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4 MIN READ

How To Use “e.g.” and “i.e.” Correctly

What’s the deal with “e.g.” and “i.e.” — and when, if ever, do we need to use them? These Latin abbreviations cause a lot of confusion, but some simple mnemonic devices will help you remember how to use them properly.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Aerial view of an open book , eyeglasses and cup of coffee

At some point in your life, you’ve likely come across the abbreviations “i.e.” and “e.g.” It’s common to assume that they’re similar to “ex.,” often used as an abbreviation for “example.” But this isn’t quite correct, and misusing or misreading them can cause some confusion. So what’s the deal with “e.g.” and “i.e.” — and when, if ever, do we need to use them?

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What Do "e.g." and "i.e." Stand For?

Trying to puzzle out what “e.g.” and “i.e.” stand for isn’t easy — at least in English. That’s because they’re derived from Latin phrases: Exempli gratia is Latin for “for example” or “for instance,” while id estis Latin for “that is to say” or “in other words.”

Both “e.g.” and “i.e” are still in widespread use today, but perhaps not surprisingly considering their Latin origins, they date back hundreds of years. There are examples of the phrase exempli gratia in writing from the late 16th century, and there is evidence that id est was used in Old English before 950 CE. The English usage of both abbreviations dates to the early 17th century.

Can They Be Used Interchangeably?

Despite their shared Latin origins, “e.g.” and “i.e.” have distinct meanings and are not interchangeable. The former expands a statement by giving examples, while the latter restates or clarifies a statement with a more specific description.

"He has many talents and interests, e.g., playing guitar, vegetable gardening, and studying French history."
"He has many talents and interests, i.e., he's a Renaissance man."

It can be tricky to remember which one to use, but memory aids can help. Remind yourself that “e.g.” means “for example” by remembering “e” is for “example” or “examples: good.” To recall that “i.e.” means “in other words,” remember that “i” is for “in other words” or “in essence.”

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When Do You Need To Use "i.e." and "e.g."?

The short answer? You probably don’t — at least not in casual emails, or even in most professional settings. However, these Latin abbreviations tend to appear in academic and legal documents, so it’s a good idea to know what they mean and how to use them.

When writing “e.g.” and “i.e.,” the abbreviations should be lowercase, unless used as the first word in a sentence, and each letter should be followed by a period. And while many style guides require that foreign-language words be italicized, such as exempli gratia and id est, there is no need to italicize “e.g.” and “i.e.” when they are in their abbreviated form. There’s also no need to add an additional period if either abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence. For example: “I couldn’t remember whether to use ‘e.g.’ or ‘i.e.'” However, if the abbreviation is in the middle of the sentence, a comma is always inserted after the abbreviation.

Can You Use "ex." Instead of "e.g."?

“Ex.” (with or without the period) is sometimes used as an abbreviation for “example” — perhaps if the writer couldn’t remember whether to use “e.g.” or “i.e.” or was concerned their audience wouldn’t know what “e.g.” meant. However, “ex.” can also be used as an abbreviation for other words — including “exchange,” “executive,” “exercise,” “express,” “extinct,” and “extra” — and “Ex.” (with a capital “E”) is the abbreviation for a book in the Bible, Exodus.

For the sake of clarity, consider spelling out “example,” or using “e.g.” instead.

Featured image credit: Credit: Gerardo Weckesser/ Shutterstock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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3 MIN READ

Stall the Ball — Let’s Learn Some Irish Slang

The meaning of “sham” in Ireland is very different from the meaning of the word in the U.S. Get the definition and brush up on more Irish slang with this list of popular words and phrases from the Emerald Isle.

by Mandy Brownholtz
Pattern of three-leaf and four-leaf clovers

In the mid-19th century, almost half of the immigrants coming into America were from Ireland. Today, people with Irish ancestry make up almost 10% of the current U.S. population. While the history of this population swell isn’t all pretty stories, the contributions of Irish people to American culture are vast. Let’s learn some Irish slang so you can be prepared to celebrate next St. Patrick’s Day.

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Sham

In American English, “sham” means “something that is bogus or false.” Not so in Ireland. There, this word means “friend,” and it’s used primarily in the Ballymoney, Coleraine, and Portrush areas. “Sham” may come from the Ulster-Scots dialect, spoken mostly in Northern Ireland.

Muppet

If an Irish person calls you a “muppet,” they think you’re quite silly. This word can also be used in a more gentle way to describe “someone enthusiastic but inept; a person prone to mishaps through naivety.”

Banjaxed

If something is banjaxed in Ireland, it’s broken or damaged. The origin of this adjective is unclear, but it’s primarily used in Dublin and was first recorded in 1939 in Brian O’Nolan’s novel At Swim-Two-Birds (which he published under the name Flann O’Brien): “Here is his black heart sitting there as large as life in the middle of the pulp of his banjaxed corpse.”

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Stall the Ball

This expression, meaning “to wait or hold on a moment,” is used primarily in Northern Ireland. You might hear the Derry girls use it on the popular Netflix comedy series about life in Northern Ireland in the 1990s.

Yoke

“Yoke” can refer to anything (or less commonly, a person) with a name one does not recall, know, or wish to specify. Consider it the Irish equivalent of “thingamajig.” The Oxford English Dictionary notes its first recorded use in P.W. Joyce’s English as We Speak It (1910): “Yoke; any article, contrivance, or apparatus, for use in some work.” There’s an additional 2005 citation showing that the slang term has kept its meaning almost 100 years later: “Sure he went to Belfast for that yoke the minute he saw one on television for fear we haven’t enough clutter.”

Deadly

While this began as an American and Australian slang word, it has been adopted for use mainly by the Irish. It paradoxically means something is great or fantastic.

Gatch

Gatch” is the Irish equivalent of “gait,” but it describes a distinctive way a person walks — specifically a flashy kind of swagger.

Featured image credit: Credit: Irina Gutyryak/ Shutterstock
Mandy Brownholtz
Freelance Writer
Mandy Brownholtz is a writer and editor based in Baltimore, MD. She is the Managing Editor of "CREEM Magazine," and her work has appeared in the "New York Times," "Insider," and elsewhere. She has also written a novel entitled "Rotten."
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5 MIN READ

Decoding “IQ,” “P.S.,” and More Everyday Abbreviations

Some acronyms and initialisms are so ubiquitous that their full-length counterparts are almost unknown. For example, what does “USB” stand for? Let’s get to the bottom of these commonplace abbreviations.

by Megan Hennessey
R.S.V.P. invitation with ribbon

We see and use abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms every day. In fact, some abbreviations are used more often than the words or phrases they actually stand for — such as “BBQ” (barbecue) and “ER” (emergency room). Similarly, some are so ubiquitous that their full-length counterparts are almost unknown — what does “USB” stand for, for example? Let’s get to the bottom of these commonplace abbreviations.

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IQ: Intelligence Quotient

IQ is the measure of a person’s reasoning ability. The initialism has been used as an abbreviation for “intelligence quotient” since the 1920s, although French psychologist Alfred Binet developed the first recognized IQ test, called the Binet-Simon Scale, in 1904. Because of its obvious association with intelligence, IQ has become a way to describe how smart a person is (via a score on IQ tests) — but this implication isn’t entirely accurate. An IQ test cannot determine if a person is smart or not; these tests only determine a person’s reasoning ability through problem-solving tests and compare it to the average for their age.

USB: Universal Serial Bus

In a technology-dependent world, we’d be lost without the universal serial bus, better known as the “USB.” Invented in 1996, USB is a “a standardized technology for attaching peripheral devices to a computer.” In layman’s terms, USB ports allow USB devices (such as USB drives or cords) to plug into them. These ports in computers, televisions, game consoles, etc., connect with USB chargers, cameras, printers, and many other devices. But what is the “bus” in “universal serial bus”? In the computing lexicon, “bus” refers to “a distinct set of conductors carrying data and control signals within a computer system, to which pieces of equipment may be connected in parallel.”

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A.M. and P.M.: Ante Meridiem and Post Meridiem

If someone were to say, “The meeting begins at 9 ante meridiem sharp,” there might be quite a few empty chairs in that 9 a.m. meeting, because people don’t often use the full Latin phrases to describe the time of day. The abbreviations “a.m.” and “p.m.” come from the Latin phrases for “before noon” and “after noon,” respectively. By this logic, both 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. could technically be called the same thing, so we designate them as “noon” and “midnight” instead.

Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Have you ever played with a “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation” pointer? Maybe you’re more familiar with “laser” pointers. It’s no wonder this wordy phrase was abbreviated. Engineer and physicist Theodore Maiman invented the first working laser in 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratory in California, and the catchy abbreviation was immediately adopted.

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P.S.: Post Scriptum

To add an additional remark at the end of a letter, the universal abbreviation is “P.S.,” short for the Latin phrase post scriptum, which literally means “written after.” It’s been used in English since the 17th century to add an extra note to everything from personal love letters to movie titles (Remember P.S. I Love You?).

RSVP: Répondez S'il Vous Plaît

Parlez-vous français? Even if you don’t, you’ve likely used this French loanword. “RSVP” was originally a French acronym for répondez s’il vous plaît, which translates to “respond if you please.” In English, it’s used all the time as a verb related to party invitations, as in, “‘Did you RSVP to her wedding yet?’ ‘Yes, I RSVP’d right away!’”

While Americans and Brits use this abbreviation daily, using it in France today would be a faux pas. They’ve moved on from the dated “RSVP” and now use the phrase réponse souhaitée, which translates literally as “response desired.”

ZIP Code: Zone Improvement Plan Code

Invented in the 1960s, ZIP codes were introduced to improve the speed of mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service. These codes — which get their name from the phrase “zone improvement plan” — are made up of five or nine numbers that designate a certain mailing area. According to the Postal Service’s 1963 statement, each number has a very specific meaning:

  • First: Identifies one of 10 large areas in the U.S.
  • Second: Indicates a state.
  • Third: Identifies a major destination within a state (such as a large city).
  • Fourth and fifth: Indicate either a postal delivery unit or a specific post office.

The newer “ZIP+4” nine-digit code helps narrow down delivery within a ZIP code, such as to a specific apartment building, a city block, or perhaps an office building.

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Scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

French explorer Jacques Cousteau teamed up with engineer Émile Gagnan in 1943 to develop the first Aqua-Lung, a fully automatic device with compressed air for diving. Today, we call this device a “self-contained underwater breathing apparatus,” or “scuba.” The acronym “scuba” has been around since the 1950s, but the word is so widely known that “scuba” is no longer written in all capital letters, and the acronym is now written as a regular word.

GIF: Graphic Interchange Format

Where would digital communication be without GIFs? Now a permanent fixture of social media and online messaging, GIFs are small images or looped videos that can express what we’re feeling better than words ever could. In more technical terms, a GIF is “a lossless format for image files that supports both animated and static images.” Sharing GIFs has become a fun way to communicate with friends, family, and co-workers — whether it’s a clip from a favorite television show, a cute animal, or a political blunder. The acronym has been around since the 1980s, and is now so mainstream that the Oxford American Dictionary chose it as their Word of the Year in 2012, citing its transformation from a pop culture trend to a real tool for journalism. Still up for debate: whether the acronym is pronounced “jiff” or “giff.”

Featured image credit: Credit: mattjeacock/ Shutterstock
Megan Hennessey
Freelance Writer
Megan Hennessey is a freelance writer based in Boston, MA. She covers arts and entertainment for outlets including "Vulture," "The Seattle Times," and "Pittsburgh City Paper." When she's not writing, she likes seeking out nearby vintage markets and antique shops.
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3 MIN READ

Watch Out for the Double Meanings of These Emojis

Do you know the hidden or double meanings of certain emojis? If you choose to sprinkle your texts and social media posts with these icons, exercise caution, lest you be misunderstood.

by Mandy Brownholtz
Close-up of Emoji keyboard

The rules of digital communication are constantly changing, and as soon as you learn an abbreviation for one thing, it might mean something new. And while emojis are pictures, not words, the rules are changing in the same way. These little icons might look like one thing, but they can be used to suggest multiple meanings.

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Consider the house emoji (🏡) — it can represent a building, of course, but it also has gained another usage in the last few years. Work colleagues might add it to their calendars to let teammates know that they’ll be working from home on a particular day, for example. Here’s a list of other emojis with unspoken and alternative meanings you might not know about. If you choose to sprinkle your texts and social media posts with them, exercise caution, lest you be misunderstood.

🙃 Upside-Down Face

The upside-down smiley face emoji articulates dark humor and sarcasm. It’s not to be used when you’re being genuine or heartfelt. You’d be smart to avoid it in professional communication, too, unless your office has more of an edgy vibe.

😂 Face With Tears of Joy

For younger texters, the face-with-tears-of-joy emoji (also known as the crying-laughing emoji) doesn’t mean they’re actually laughing — it’s typically used by Gen Zers when something is decidedly unfunny. If you’re actually ROFL (rolling on the floor laughing), you might consider using the skull emoji (💀), which implies something is “so funny I could die.”

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🐐 Goat

The goat emoji is always a compliment. “GOAT” is an acronym meaning “greatest of all time,” so if you receive a goat emoji, you’re doing something right.

🐝 Honeybee

Along with the lemon emoji (🍋), for the 2016 album Lemonade, the honeybee emoji ( 🐝) has been adopted by Beyoncé’s fan base, also known as the BeyHive (pronounced “bee hive”). They’ve been known to swarm social media with bee emojis whenever someone comes for their queen, such as when Emma Watson publicly criticized Bey for appearing to cater to the male gaze.

🥑 Avocado

Here’s a cute one that’s popular on Snapchat — the avocado emoji (🥑) is frequently used to denote someone as your better half.

💅 Nail Polish

While you could use this to communicate the experience of getting your nails done, the nail polish emoji (💅) often carries a more sassy connotation. It’s used to articulate being unbothered, indifferent, or somehow above a certain situation or conversation. There’s also another rising niche usage of people dropping the emoji to self-identify as part of the LGBTQ+ community.

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💢 Anger Symbol

This emoji usage has Japanese origins, particularly in anime and manga. It’s meant to resemble the veins that appear on a manga character’s face when they’re angry — you can use it to let your friends know when you’re stuck on the bus and getting frustrated that you’re running late.

Featured image credit: Credit: Domingo Alvarez E/ Unsplash
Mandy Brownholtz
Freelance Writer
Mandy Brownholtz is a writer and editor based in Baltimore, MD. She is the Managing Editor of "CREEM Magazine," and her work has appeared in the "New York Times," "Insider," and elsewhere. She has also written a novel entitled "Rotten."
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4 MIN READ

How To Tell the Difference Between “Creole” and “Cajun”

In Louisiana and New Orleans, “Creole” and “Cajun” mean different things, but always remember to “Laissez les bons temps rouler,” a Cajun French phrase for “Let the good times roll!”

by Jennifer A. Freeman
View of Bourbon Street in New Orleans

Around the coastal Louisiana area, you’ll hear a distinctive accent and a unique dialect. When Mardi Gras happens each spring, the influences from this region spread across the country, and you’re likely to see the words “Creole” and “Cajun” on restaurant menus, to describe parties, and in many other contexts that might not be exactly correct. These two words have been used interchangeably for quite some time, but they define two distinct cultures — one that arose in New Orleans, and the other rural.

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The French founded New Orleans in 1718, naming it for the Duke of Orleans. At that time, the term “Creole” referred to non-Indigenous people born in colonized countries of the Americas. This was the era of enslavement, so early on, the term was exclusively for white people. In New Orleans, that meant the children of the white French ruling class.

But the distinction didn’t stick. “Creole” gained a more general meaning, and people born in the colonies who had mixed ancestry or parents from Africa were also called “Creoles.”

Creole on a Restaurant Menu

Tracing Creole roots on a family tree can help explain why the adjective could be used by both an upscale French-inspired restaurant and a home-cooking-style diner with dishes such as red beans and rice. (Red beans and rice, in particular, can be traced to Haitian emigres.)

Today, a diner who sees “Creole” on a menu can reasonably assume that dish will be spicy, but that shorthand can be traced through generations of culinary traditions. A French remoulade (close to tartar sauce), given the Creole twist, would be made spicy with paprika and hot sauce added.

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Creole as a Language

In the Americas, especially on plantations, new languages arose as people of different backgrounds tried to communicate by incorporating various European languages. The results were called “Creole languages.” Louisiana Creole is based on French, and is still spoken by some of the descendants of the enslaved people who worked on the sugarcane plantations in the area.

"Creole" Is Not "Cajun"

While “Creole” is geographically associated with “Cajun,” they are not the same. Everywhere around Louisiana, there is Cajun food and music, but this word derives from les Acadiens, the name for the French-speaking people who lived along the eastern coast of Canada, then a French colony. When the British conquered Acadia in the 1700s, renaming it Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the French (les Acadiens) were pushed out.

Some of les Acadiens went back to France, and others went to the French Caribbean. But the Spanish, who had just acquired French-speaking Louisiana, sent emissaries inviting them to come to Louisiana to help fend off the rival British colonists.

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The new arrivals didn’t have the means to join the established class of French in New Orleans or the plantation owners. They settled with the Indigenous people and free Black folks and spread throughout the region, mainly near water, in swamplands, along levees and bayous, and on the coastal marshes. Les Acadiens turned into “Cajuns,” and as they made themselves at home, they retained a distinct culture from the New Orleans-based Creoles.

Food is, naturally, a major distinguishing factor in any culture. There are two simple ways to distinguish between a Cajun and Creole dish: Cajuns rarely use tomatoes and their food is spicier. A Cajun jambalaya (the Louisiana version of paella) is brown, not red, like the Creole style. Many Cajuns still speak a nonstandard form of French, but it is different from Louisiana Creole.

Visitors to Louisiana during the Mardi Gras season might decide to embrace the confusion. Cajuns and Creoles are both part of the American melting pot, so it’s hard to unravel what came from whom. In Louisiana and New Orleans, all that matters is to say, “Laissez les bons temps rouler,” a Cajun French phrase for “Let the good times roll!”

Featured image credit: Credit: Douglas Rissing/ iStock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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3 MIN READ

The Tricky Exceptions to the “A” vs. “An” Rule

We’re taught in grade school to use “a” before words beginning with consonants and “an” before words that start with vowels. But this simple grammar rule is more complex than it seems.

by Lisa Galek
Letter A on an Apple keyboard

Some grammar rules are as straightforward as can be — at first glance, at least. We’re taught in grade school to use “a” before words beginning with consonants and “an” before words that start with vowels. That means you could plant “a herb garden,” right? Then why does “an herb garden” sound slightly better to our American ears? It’s because this simple grade-school grammar rule is more complex than it seems.

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What Are Indefinite Articles?

The English language has two types of articles: definite and indefinite. They identify whether a noun is specific or generic. “The” is a definite article — the only definite article in English, in fact — and it indicates that we are referring to a particular noun. For example, “John bought the car” refers to one very specific car.

“A” and “an” are indefinite articles, and they can refer to any person, place, or thing. For example, if “Tom will bake a cake,” it could be chocolate, vanilla, or lemon. We don’t know what Tom has planned, based on the language used.

When To Use "A" or "An"

If “the” is the only definite article in English, why are there two indefinite articles? The simple answer is that they’re used in different situations, namely in regard to the letters that follow in the next word. Use “a” if the word that follows begins with a consonant:

  • They’re adopting a cat.
  • Did you wear a raincoat?
  • I’m eating a strawberry pie.

Alternatively, use “an” if the following word begins with a vowel:

  • She needs an eye exam.
  • I gave him an umbrella.
  • Can you get an avocado from the store?
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Using Indefinite Articles With Different Sounds

What we’ve discussed so far is pretty straightforward: Use “a” before words that start with consonants and “an” before words that begin with vowels. But it’s not just about the letters — it’s also about the sounds.

When certain vowels make a consonant sound at the beginning of a word, it’s appropriate to use the indefinite article “a” with that word. For example, pair “a” with words that start with “e” and make the “yoo” sound, such as “a euphemism” and “a eucalyptus tree.” “A university” and “a uniform” receive similar treatment. The same is true of “o” words that begin with a “w” sound.

  • She wanted a unicorn for her birthday.
  • France is a European country.
  • I handed them a one-dollar bill.

On the flip side, words with a silent “h” use “an” (as in the “herb” example from earlier). This includes “an honor” or “an hour.” The same is true of initialisms that start with the consonant letters “F,” “H,” “L,” “M,” “N,” “R,” “S,” and “X.” These all begin with a vowel sound, so they need to be paired with “an.”

  • The salad featured an heirloom tomato medley.
  • He signed an NFL contract.
  • It was an FBI investigation.
A Historic Exception

There’s some debate about whether “a historic” or “an historic” is correct. The choice usually comes down to pronunciation, but there’s also a bit of tradition at play with this word. In British English, the “h” is silent, so “an historic” would be correct. In American English, the “h” was pronounced after the 19th century, so it would be logical to use “a historic,” but the indefinite article “an” is still commonly used, especially with “historical.” The Oxford English Dictionary notes that around a quarter of the examples of “historical” are preceded with “an” rather than “a.”

Featured image credit: Credit: JHPhoto/ Alamy Stock Photo
Lisa Galek
Freelance Writer
Lisa Galek is a freelance writer and editor based in Cleveland, Ohio. Her writing has appeared in Business Insider, Apartment Therapy, Scholastic Science World, and on, literally, thousands of American Greetings cards. The only thing she loves more than an Oxford comma — or an em dash — is her husband and three charming children.
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4 MIN READ

“Lorem Ipsum” Is Everywhere — So What Does It Mean?

“Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.” You’ve probably seen this Latin-esque text used in typesetting or graphic design. But what does it mean, and where did it come from?

by Mandy Brownholtz
Typewritten Sheet of Paper with Lorem Ipsum

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. If this Latin-esque phrase looks familar, it’s because it’s the traditional placeholder or “dummy” text used in typesetting and graphic design for previewing layouts. You might be surprised to learn, though, that it doesn’t actually mean anything. It’s a passage of scrambled Latin text; the intended purpose is to draw the brain away from reading the text itself, and instead call focus to the design of the layout.

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The use of classical-language placeholder text in web design is called “greeking,” from the expression, “It’s all Greek to me.” In other words, it’s incomprehensible. Here’s the text of a standard Lorem ipsum passage (when longer text is needed, it just repeats):

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

A Brief History of “Lorem Ipsum”

Using Latin text as a printing placeholder began long before web design. As early as the 1500s, printers would use sections of classical works to make type-specimen books to demonstrate different fonts. Latin was chosen for this task because it was considered a lingua franca (common tongue) across Europe — far from the dead language it is today.

The exact origination of the scrambled Lorem ipsum text is unknown, but it came into widespread use in the 1960s when the typeface manufacturing company Letraset chose the passage for preprinted transfer sheets for use in the advertising industry. These sheets allowed designers and typesetters to easily transfer the text in various fonts, sizes, and formats for advertisement prototypes.

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Fast-forward to the 1980s and the dawn of the personal computer: The Aldus Corporation used Lorem ipsum as part of its word-processing software before Microsoft adopted it for its Word program, and it took off from there. Even today, most online content-management platforms, such as WordPress and Squarespace, use the Lorem ipsum passage for preview text.

But Where Did It Come From, Really?

It would seem that Lorem ipsum stumbled into fame (or at least universal graphic design usage) a bit haphazardly. Where did this mish-mash of Latin copy actually come from? Until the 1990s, it was thought to be a jumble of random words, but there are clues to the mystery. Latin scholar and professor Richard McClintock traced the text to a passage from De finibus bonorum et malorum (“On the Ends of Good and Evil”), an ethical treatise written by the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero, circa 45 BCE. McClintock was able to track the Lorem ipsum text by searching Latin texts for the word consectetur, which he ultimately found in the 1914 Loeb Classical Library edition of the Cicero text.

This version reads as follows, but the word dolorem is split between a page break (creating the word lorem), and the rest of the text was scrambled to make the Lorem ipsum dummy text.

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.

The newest iteration of placeholder text is “copy pasta” — blocks of text that appear to have been copied and pasted across social media and online forums. Sometimes these serve the same purpose as Lorem ipsum, giving the brain something to gloss over. In its most benign form, copy pasta is a kind of internet joke form of the game Telephone, but versions of copy pasta have also appeared in misinformation campaigns. The nonsense text is just that — nonsense.

Featured image credit: Credit: ecbphotos/ Shutterstock
Mandy Brownholtz
Freelance Writer
Mandy Brownholtz is a writer and editor based in Baltimore, MD. She is the Managing Editor of "CREEM Magazine," and her work has appeared in the "New York Times," "Insider," and elsewhere. She has also written a novel entitled "Rotten."
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4 MIN READ

English Dialects: British vs. American

English is the most-studied language in the world, with around 1.5 billion people speaking 150 different English dialects. Let’s look at the main branches: British and American.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
British flag, Big Ben and Houses of Parliament

A dialect is a regional variety of a language. It features not only distinct pronunciations and accents but also a divergence in vocabulary and grammar, meaning that the same language will sound quite different in various dialects. English is a prime example of the vast differences displayed between dialects — it is the most-studied language in the world, with around 1.5 billion people speaking 150 dialects. And while mass media can bring down borders in some ways and expose people to all varieties of languages, research shows that English dialects are actually diverging more than ever before, with new ones evolving and emerging around the world.

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The Birth of the English Language

Old English dates back to the fifth century in Britain, and it’s part of the Germanic language family (as opposed to the Romance language family, which includes French, Italian, and Spanish). It looks very different from modern English and changed even more thanks to the addition of the French and Latin words that the Normans brought to England during their 11th-century conquest. This transformed the language into Middle English, which continued to evolve until the 16th century, at which point the printing press was invented. Once printing technology was widespread, language and spelling became more standardized, resulting in the earliest modern English dialect: British English.

British English: The First Modern English Dialect

As the oldest modern English dialect still spoken today, British English remains hugely influential — around 70 million people use it currently. British colonization spread English around the globe beginning in the 16th century, and for this reason, all English dialects, including Jamaican, Canadian, Australian, and South African, are descendants of British English.

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Key characteristics of British English:

  • “R” is pronounced only when it is followed by a vowel (“bright” vs. “start”)
  • Groups of people take a plural verb form (“The team are taking a time-out”)
  • The letter “z” is called “zed”
  • “U” is paired with “o” in the spelling of many words (“colour” and “flavour”)
  • “T” is used to create some past-tense words (“learnt” and “dreamt”)
American English: The Most Widespread English Dialect

Today, more people study and speak American English than any other English dialect — around 350 million people can speak it, and around 250 million use it as their first language. American English took shape during the colonization of what is now the East Coast of the United States in the 17th century. It retained many words and grammar rules from British English but also adopted words and pronunciations from languages all over the world as new settlers moved to the continent. Many German, Yiddish, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, and Indigenous American words entered the American English lexicon because of this “melting pot” of languages.

In the U.S. alone, there are more than 30 distinct American English dialects, also known as “accents.” This is why someone who speaks Californian American English uses different pronunciations, slang, and grammar than someone who speaks Cajun (in Louisiana) or New England English. Other common American English dialects include Southern, Midwestern, Pacific Northwestern, Hawaiian, and various East Coast accents, including the notorious Boston American accent (“Tell yah fath-uh to go pahk the cah”), in which the “r” is dropped in most words.

Key characteristics of American English:

  • American English is less formal than British English (“Can I…” vs. “Might I…”)
  • A “t” sound in the middle of a word sounds more like “d” (“wadder” vs. “water”)
  • Simple past tense is commonly used (“I ate dinner” vs. “I have just eaten dinner”)
  • The “r” sound is usually pronounced (“car” and “start”)
  • Many loanwords are adopted from other languages

While both come from the same origin in Old English, British English and American English dialects have diverged enough to merit plenty of linguistic attention.

Featured image credit: Credit: IR_Stone/ iStock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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3 MIN READ

4 Important Ways To Use a Semicolon

The semicolon is one of the most misunderstood (and misused) English punctuation marks. When should you use a semicolon? Let’s learn more about the specific functions of this unique punctuation mark.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Semicolon computer key springing up

The semicolon appears to be a visual blend of a colon and a comma, and it can perform similar jobs to each of those punctuation marks. Its primary use is to link ideas that are closely related in thought, but that’s a task that can also be done by a comma or an em dash. In part because of this, the semicolon is one of the most misunderstood (and misused) English punctuation marks; let’s learn more about the specific functions of this unique grammatical tool.

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To Connect Independent Clauses

The most common way to use a semicolon is by joining two independent clauses. That means it links together two stand-alone clauses into one sentence.

We’re going to the dance; you could borrow my dress.
Tomorrow is the big game; I can’t stay out late tonight.

Keep in mind that the two independent clauses should be closely related. Otherwise, it makes more sense to break them into separate sentences. It’s also important to note that a comma can’t replace a semicolon in this usage — that creates a comma splice.

Another note: If there is an independent clause and a dependent clause, it’s not a place for a semicolon. Dependent clauses feature a subject and a verb but aren’t complete sentences. If there’s a dependent clause, a comma and a coordinating conjunction are likely needed instead of a semicolon.

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In Place of a Conjunction

Independent clauses can be joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. (Use the mnemonic FANBOYS to remember the seven coordinating conjunctions: “for,” “and,” “nor,” “but,” “or,” “yet,” and “so.”)

See how the the semicolon replaces the comma and the coordinating conjunction:

Tom went to the party, but Arleen stayed at home. / Tom went to the party; Arleen stayed at home.
The snake slithered past my feet, yet it didn’t seem to notice me. / The snake slithered past my feet; it didn’t seem to notice me.

When the semicolon links the independent clauses, it shows a relationship or contrast. It can also create variety. For example, the semicolon allows a writer to add a longer sentence among other short, clipped sentences.

With Conjunctive Adverbs

Semicolons are also used to link clauses when the second begins with a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression. These include “accordingly,” “furthermore,” “however,” “instead,” “otherwise,” and “therefore.”

Shawn set an oven timer; nevertheless, he burned the casserole.
Nora helped her brother study; however, he failed the class.

As long as it’s joining two independent clauses, using the semicolon is appropriate.

To Separate Items on a List

In speech, pauses or visual cues can break up long lists of items, but writers rely on punctuation to do the heavy lifting. Semicolons can make a long or complicated list of items easier to read. Typically, these are lists that contain phrases or other internal punctuation that might be difficult to read without semicolons.

Several speakers will be at the community center: Mr. Samuels, the judge; Khalid Basha, the lawyer; and Marta Sparks, the council member.
The President is visiting Cleveland and Cincinnati in Ohio; Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in Pennsylvania; and Buffalo and Albany in New York.

The semicolon should be used only if the list contains three or more elements, and they’re elaborate enough that the extra punctuation would help readers understand the meaning.

Featured image credit: Credit: yogesh_more/ iStock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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